【MySQL学习笔记】（八）复合查询

基本查询回顾

这是 emp 表

mysql> select* from emp;
+--------+--------+-----------+------+---------------------+---------+---------+--------+
| empno  | ename  | job       | mgr  | hiredate            | sal     | comm    | deptno |
+--------+--------+-----------+------+---------------------+---------+---------+--------+
| 007369 | SMITH  | CLERK     | 7902 | 1980-12-17 00:00:00 |  800.00 |    NULL |     20 |
| 007499 | ALLEN  | SALESMAN  | 7698 | 1981-02-20 00:00:00 | 1600.00 |  300.00 |     30 |
| 007521 | WARD   | SALESMAN  | 7698 | 1981-02-22 00:00:00 | 1250.00 |  500.00 |     30 |
| 007566 | JONES  | MANAGER   | 7839 | 1981-04-02 00:00:00 | 2975.00 |    NULL |     20 |
| 007654 | MARTIN | SALESMAN  | 7698 | 1981-09-28 00:00:00 | 1250.00 | 1400.00 |     30 |
| 007698 | BLAKE  | MANAGER   | 7839 | 1981-05-01 00:00:00 | 2850.00 |    NULL |     30 |
| 007782 | CLARK  | MANAGER   | 7839 | 1981-06-09 00:00:00 | 2450.00 |    NULL |     10 |
| 007788 | SCOTT  | ANALYST   | 7566 | 1987-04-19 00:00:00 | 3000.00 |    NULL |     20 |
| 007839 | KING   | PRESIDENT | NULL | 1981-11-17 00:00:00 | 5000.00 |    NULL |     10 |
| 007844 | TURNER | SALESMAN  | 7698 | 1981-09-08 00:00:00 | 1500.00 |    0.00 |     30 |
| 007876 | ADAMS  | CLERK     | 7788 | 1987-05-23 00:00:00 | 1100.00 |    NULL |     20 |
| 007900 | JAMES  | CLERK     | 7698 | 1981-12-03 00:00:00 |  950.00 |    NULL |     30 |
| 007902 | FORD   | ANALYST   | 7566 | 1981-12-03 00:00:00 | 3000.00 |    NULL |     20 |
| 007934 | MILLER | CLERK     | 7782 | 1982-01-23 00:00:00 | 1300.00 |    NULL |     10 |
+--------+--------+-----------+------+---------------------+---------+---------+--------+
14 rows in set (0.00 sec)

• 查询工资高于500或岗位为MANAGER的雇员同时还要满足他们的姓名首字母为大写的J

mysql> select* from emp where (sal > 500 or job='MANAGER') and ename like 'J%'
+--------+-------+---------+------+---------------------+---------+------+--------+
| empno  | ename | job     | mgr  | hiredate            | sal     | comm | deptno |
+--------+-------+---------+------+---------------------+---------+------+--------+
| 007566 | JONES | MANAGER | 7839 | 1981-04-02 00:00:00 | 2975.00 | NULL |     20 |
| 007900 | JAMES | CLERK   | 7698 | 1981-12-03 00:00:00 |  950.00 | NULL |     30 |
+--------+-------+---------+------+---------------------+---------+------+--------+
2 rows in set (0.00 sec)

• 按照部门号升序而雇员的工资降序排序

mysql> select ename,deptno,sal from emp order by deptno asc,sal desc;
+--------+--------+---------+
| ename  | deptno | sal     |
+--------+--------+---------+
| KING   |     10 | 5000.00 |
| CLARK  |     10 | 2450.00 |
| MILLER |     10 | 1300.00 |
| SCOTT  |     20 | 3000.00 |
| FORD   |     20 | 3000.00 |
| JONES  |     20 | 2975.00 |
| ADAMS  |     20 | 1100.00 |
| SMITH  |     20 |  800.00 |
| BLAKE  |     30 | 2850.00 |
| ALLEN  |     30 | 1600.00 |
| TURNER |     30 | 1500.00 |
| WARD   |     30 | 1250.00 |
| MARTIN |     30 | 1250.00 |
| JAMES  |     30 |  950.00 |
+--------+--------+---------+
14 rows in set (0.00 sec)

• 使用年薪进行降序排序

这里的年薪等于表中的 sal工资* 12 + comm 奖金 comm 可能为null,不能直接相加所以需要用到 ifnull 函数ifnullcomm,0表示如果comm为空则使用 0

mysql> select ename,sal*12+ifnull(comm,0) as '年薪' from emp order by 年薪 desc;
+--------+----------+
| ename  | 年薪     |
+--------+----------+
| KING   | 60000.00 |
| SCOTT  | 36000.00 |
| FORD   | 36000.00 |
| JONES  | 35700.00 |
| BLAKE  | 34200.00 |
| CLARK  | 29400.00 |
| ALLEN  | 19500.00 |
| TURNER | 18000.00 |
| MARTIN | 16400.00 |
| MILLER | 15600.00 |
| WARD   | 15500.00 |
| ADAMS  | 13200.00 |
| JAMES  | 11400.00 |
| SMITH  |  9600.00 |
+--------+----------+
14 rows in set (0.00 sec)

• 显示工资最高的员工的名字和工作岗位

mysql> select ename,job from emp where sal=(select max(sal) from emp);
+-------+-----------+
| ename | job       |
+-------+-----------+
| KING  | PRESIDENT |
+-------+-----------+
1 row in set (0.01 sec)

• 显示工资高于平均工资的员工信息

mysql> select ename,sal from emp where sal > (select avg(sal) from emp);
+-------+---------+
| ename | sal     |
+-------+---------+
| JONES | 2975.00 |
| BLAKE | 2850.00 |
| CLARK | 2450.00 |
| SCOTT | 3000.00 |
| KING  | 5000.00 |
| FORD  | 3000.00 |
+-------+---------+
6 rows in set (0.00 sec)

• 显示每个部门的平均工资和最高工资

这里是要求每个部门的平均工资和最高工资则要用到分组查询在每个部门内比较平均工资和最高工资。

mysql> select deptno, avg(sal),max(sal) from emp group by deptno;
+--------+-------------+----------+
| deptno | avg(sal)    | max(sal) |
+--------+-------------+----------+
|     10 | 2916.666667 |  5000.00 |
|     20 | 2175.000000 |  3000.00 |
|     30 | 1566.666667 |  2850.00 |
+--------+-------------+----------+
3 rows in set (0.00 sec)

• 显示平均工资低于2000的部门号和它的平均工资

这里和前一个案例一样也是需要用到分组查询分组查询后需要用 having 配合筛选

mysql> select deptno,avg(sal) as avg_sal from emp group by deptno having avg_sal < 2000;
+--------+-------------+
| deptno | avg_sal     |
+--------+-------------+
|     30 | 1566.666667 |
+--------+-------------+
1 row in set (0.00 sec)

• 显示每种岗位的雇员总数平均工资

mysql> select job,count(*) as 人数 ,avg(sal) as 平均工资 from emp group by job;
+-----------+--------+--------------+
| job       | 人数   | 平均工资     |
+-----------+--------+--------------+
| ANALYST   |      2 |  3000.000000 |
| CLERK     |      4 |  1037.500000 |
| MANAGER   |      3 |  2758.333333 |
| PRESIDENT |      1 |  5000.000000 |
| SALESMAN  |      4 |  1400.000000 |
+-----------+--------+--------------+
5 rows in set (0.00 sec)

多表查询

实际开发中往往数据来自不同的表所以需要多表查询。我们用一个简单的公司管理系统有三张表EMP,DEPT,SALGRADE来演示如何进行多表查询。

案例

• 显示雇员名、雇员工资以及所在部门的名字因为上面的数据来自EMP和DEPT表因此要联合查询。

mysql> select* from emp,dept;

上图是联合查询的结果具体联合方式如下图

所以一共会有 14 * 4 = 56 条数据但是我们从图中看到直接联合查询而不加筛选条件表中的一些数据是没有意义的比如下图SMITH对应的部门号应该只有20才对。

其实我们只要emp表中的deptno = dept表中的deptno字段的记录

mysql> select* from emp,dept where emp.deptno=dept.deptno;
+--------+--------+-----------+------+---------------------+---------+---------+--------+--------+------------+----------+
| empno  | ename  | job       | mgr  | hiredate            | sal     | comm    | deptno | deptno | dname      | loc      |
+--------+--------+-----------+------+---------------------+---------+---------+--------+--------+------------+----------+
| 007369 | SMITH  | CLERK     | 7902 | 1980-12-17 00:00:00 |  800.00 |    NULL |     20 |     20 | RESEARCH   | DALLAS   |
| 007499 | ALLEN  | SALESMAN  | 7698 | 1981-02-20 00:00:00 | 1600.00 |  300.00 |     30 |     30 | SALES      | CHICAGO  |
| 007521 | WARD   | SALESMAN  | 7698 | 1981-02-22 00:00:00 | 1250.00 |  500.00 |     30 |     30 | SALES      | CHICAGO  |
| 007566 | JONES  | MANAGER   | 7839 | 1981-04-02 00:00:00 | 2975.00 |    NULL |     20 |     20 | RESEARCH   | DALLAS   |
| 007654 | MARTIN | SALESMAN  | 7698 | 1981-09-28 00:00:00 | 1250.00 | 1400.00 |     30 |     30 | SALES      | CHICAGO  |
| 007698 | BLAKE  | MANAGER   | 7839 | 1981-05-01 00:00:00 | 2850.00 |    NULL |     30 |     30 | SALES      | CHICAGO  |
| 007782 | CLARK  | MANAGER   | 7839 | 1981-06-09 00:00:00 | 2450.00 |    NULL |     10 |     10 | ACCOUNTING | NEW YORK |
| 007788 | SCOTT  | ANALYST   | 7566 | 1987-04-19 00:00:00 | 3000.00 |    NULL |     20 |     20 | RESEARCH   | DALLAS   |
| 007839 | KING   | PRESIDENT | NULL | 1981-11-17 00:00:00 | 5000.00 |    NULL |     10 |     10 | ACCOUNTING | NEW YORK |
| 007844 | TURNER | SALESMAN  | 7698 | 1981-09-08 00:00:00 | 1500.00 |    0.00 |     30 |     30 | SALES      | CHICAGO  |
| 007876 | ADAMS  | CLERK     | 7788 | 1987-05-23 00:00:00 | 1100.00 |    NULL |     20 |     20 | RESEARCH   | DALLAS   |
| 007900 | JAMES  | CLERK     | 7698 | 1981-12-03 00:00:00 |  950.00 |    NULL |     30 |     30 | SALES      | CHICAGO  |
| 007902 | FORD   | ANALYST   | 7566 | 1981-12-03 00:00:00 | 3000.00 |    NULL |     20 |     20 | RESEARCH   | DALLAS   |
| 007934 | MILLER | CLERK     | 7782 | 1982-01-23 00:00:00 | 1300.00 |    NULL |     10 |     10 | ACCOUNTING | NEW YORK |
+--------+--------+-----------+------+---------------------+---------+---------+--------+--------+------------+----------+
14 rows in set (0.00 sec)

• 显示部门号为10的部门名员工名和工资

mysql> select ename,dname,sal from emp,dept where emp.deptno = dept.deptno and dept.deptno = 10;
+--------+------------+---------+
| ename  | dname      | sal     |
+--------+------------+---------+
| CLARK  | ACCOUNTING | 2450.00 |
| KING   | ACCOUNTING | 5000.00 |
| MILLER | ACCOUNTING | 1300.00 |
+--------+------------+---------+
3 rows in set (0.00 sec)

• 显示各个员工的姓名工资及工资级别

mysql> select ename,sal,grade from emp,salgrade where emp.sal between losal and hisal;
+--------+---------+-------+
| ename  | sal     | grade |
+--------+---------+-------+
| SMITH  |  800.00 |     1 |
| ALLEN  | 1600.00 |     3 |
| WARD   | 1250.00 |     2 |
| JONES  | 2975.00 |     4 |
| MARTIN | 1250.00 |     2 |
| BLAKE  | 2850.00 |     4 |
| CLARK  | 2450.00 |     4 |
| SCOTT  | 3000.00 |     4 |
| KING   | 5000.00 |     5 |
| TURNER | 1500.00 |     3 |
| ADAMS  | 1100.00 |     1 |
| JAMES  |  950.00 |     1 |
| FORD   | 3000.00 |     4 |
| MILLER | 1300.00 |     2 |
+--------+---------+-------+
14 rows in set (0.00 sec)

子连接

自连接是指在同一张表连接查询
案例
显示员工 FORD 的上级领导的编号和姓名 mgr 是员工领导的编号 empno

• 使用子查询的方法

mysql> select empno,ename from emp where emp.empno = (select mgr from emp where ename = 'FORD');
+--------+-------+
| empno  | ename |
+--------+-------+
| 007566 | JONES |
+--------+-------+
1 row in set (0.00 sec)

• 使用多表查询自查询

//使用到表的别名
//from emp leader, emp worker给自己的表起别名因为要先做笛卡尔积所以别名可以先识别

mysql> select leader.empno,leader.ename from emp as leader,emp as worker where leader.empno=worker.mgr and worker.ename='FORD';
+--------+-------+
| empno  | ename |
+--------+-------+
| 007566 | JONES |
+--------+-------+
1 row in set (0.00 sec)

子查询

子查询是指嵌入在其他sql语句中的select语句也叫嵌套查询

单行子查询

返回一行记录的子查询

• 显示SMITH同一部门的员工

mysql> select* from emp where deptno=(select deptno from emp where ename='SMITH');
+--------+-------+---------+------+---------------------+---------+------+--------+
| empno  | ename | job     | mgr  | hiredate            | sal     | comm | deptno |
+--------+-------+---------+------+---------------------+---------+------+--------+
| 007369 | SMITH | CLERK   | 7902 | 1980-12-17 00:00:00 |  800.00 | NULL |     20 |
| 007566 | JONES | MANAGER | 7839 | 1981-04-02 00:00:00 | 2975.00 | NULL |     20 |
| 007788 | SCOTT | ANALYST | 7566 | 1987-04-19 00:00:00 | 3000.00 | NULL |     20 |
| 007876 | ADAMS | CLERK   | 7788 | 1987-05-23 00:00:00 | 1100.00 | NULL |     20 |
| 007902 | FORD  | ANALYST | 7566 | 1981-12-03 00:00:00 | 3000.00 | NULL |     20 |
+--------+-------+---------+------+---------------------+---------+------+--------+
5 rows in set (0.00 sec)

多行子查询

返回多行记录的子查询

• in 关键字MySQL中的IN关键字用于判断某个字段的值是否在指定的集合中。如果字段的值在集合中则满足条件该字段所在的数据将会被查询出来。

案例查询和10号部门的工作岗位相同的雇员的名字岗位工资部门号但是不包含10自己的

mysql> select ename,job,sal,deptno from emp where job in (select distinct job from emp where deptno=10) and deptno<>10;
+-------+---------+---------+--------+
| ename | job     | sal     | deptno |
+-------+---------+---------+--------+
| JONES | MANAGER | 2975.00 |     20 |
| BLAKE | MANAGER | 2850.00 |     30 |
| SMITH | CLERK   |  800.00 |     20 |
| ADAMS | CLERK   | 1100.00 |     20 |
| JAMES | CLERK   |  950.00 |     30 |
+-------+---------+---------+--------+
5 rows in set (0.00 sec)

• all 关键字会列举出所有查询到的结果通常与where使用作比较。

案例显示工资比部门30的所有员工的工资高的员工的姓名、工资和部门号

mysql> select ename,sal,deptno from emp where sal > all(select sal from emp where deptno=30);
+-------+---------+--------+
| ename | sal     | deptno |
+-------+---------+--------+
| JONES | 2975.00 |     20 |
| SCOTT | 3000.00 |     20 |
| KING  | 5000.00 |     10 |
| FORD  | 3000.00 |     20 |
+-------+---------+--------+
4 rows in set (0.00 sec)

• any 关键字通常和where一起使用any关键词可以理解为“对于子查询返回的列中的任一数值如果比较结果为true则返回true”。

案例显示工资比部门30的任意员工的工资高的员工的姓名、工资和部门号包含自己部门的员工

mysql> select ename,sal,deptno from emp where sal > any(select sal from emp where deptno=30);
+--------+---------+--------+
| ename  | sal     | deptno |
+--------+---------+--------+
| ALLEN  | 1600.00 |     30 |
| WARD   | 1250.00 |     30 |
| JONES  | 2975.00 |     20 |
| MARTIN | 1250.00 |     30 |
| BLAKE  | 2850.00 |     30 |
| CLARK  | 2450.00 |     10 |
| SCOTT  | 3000.00 |     20 |
| KING   | 5000.00 |     10 |
| TURNER | 1500.00 |     30 |
| ADAMS  | 1100.00 |     20 |
| FORD   | 3000.00 |     20 |
| MILLER | 1300.00 |     10 |
+--------+---------+--------+
12 rows in set (0.00 sec)

多列子查询

单行子查询是指子查询只返回单列单行数据多行子查询是指返回单列多行数据都是针对单列而言的而多列子查询则是指查询返回多个列数据的子查询语句

案例查询和SMITH的部门和岗位完全相同的所有雇员不含SMITH本人

mysql> select ename from emp where (deptno,job)=(select deptno,job from emp where ename='SMITH') and ename <> 'SMITH';
+-------+
| ename |
+-------+
| ADAMS |
+-------+
1 row in set (0.00 sec)

在 from 子句中使用子查询

子查询语句出现在from子句中。这里要用到数据查询的技巧把一个子查询当做一个临时表使用。

案例

• 显示每个高于自己部门平均工资的员工的姓名、部门、工资、平均工资

//获取各个部门的平均工资将其看作临时表
mysql> select ename,deptno,sal,format(asal,2) from emp,(select avg(sal) as asal,deptno as dt from emp group by deptno) as tmp 
    -> where emp.sal > tmp.asal and emp.deptno=tmp.dt;
+-------+--------+---------+----------------+
| ename | deptno | sal     | format(asal,2) |
+-------+--------+---------+----------------+
| KING  |     10 | 5000.00 | 2,916.67       |
| JONES |     20 | 2975.00 | 2,175.00       |
| SCOTT |     20 | 3000.00 | 2,175.00       |
| FORD  |     20 | 3000.00 | 2,175.00       |
| ALLEN |     30 | 1600.00 | 1,566.67       |
| BLAKE |     30 | 2850.00 | 1,566.67       |
+-------+--------+---------+----------------+
6 rows in set (0.00 sec)

• 查找每个部门工资最高的人的姓名、工资、部门、最高工资

mysql> select emp.ename,emp.sal,emp.deptno,ms from emp,(select max(sal) as ms,deptno from emp group by deptno) tmp
    -> where emp.deptno=tmp.deptno and emp.sal=tmp.ms;
+-------+---------+--------+---------+
| ename | sal     | deptno | ms      |
+-------+---------+--------+---------+
| BLAKE | 2850.00 |     30 | 2850.00 |
| SCOTT | 3000.00 |     20 | 3000.00 |
| KING  | 5000.00 |     10 | 5000.00 |
| FORD  | 3000.00 |     20 | 3000.00 |
+-------+---------+--------+---------+
4 rows in set (0.00 sec)

• 显示每个部门的信息部门名编号地址和人员数量

mysql> select dept.deptno,dname,mycnt,loc from dept,(select count(*) as mycnt,deptno from emp group by deptno) as tmp
    -> where dept.deptno=tmp.deptno;
+--------+------------+-------+----------+
| deptno | dname      | mycnt | loc      |
+--------+------------+-------+----------+
|     10 | ACCOUNTING |     3 | NEW YORK |
|     20 | RESEARCH   |     5 | DALLAS   |
|     30 | SALES      |     6 | CHICAGO  |
+--------+------------+-------+----------+
3 rows in set (0.00 sec)

合并查询

在实际应用中为了合并多个select的执行结果可以使用集合操作符 unionunion all

• union : 该操作符用于取得两个结果集的并集。当使用该操作符时会自动去掉结果集中的重复行。

案例将工资大于2500或职位是MANAGER的人找出来

mysql> select ename,sal,job from emp where sal > 2500 union
    -> select ename,sal,job from emp where job='MANAGER';
+-------+---------+-----------+
| ename | sal     | job       |
+-------+---------+-----------+
| JONES | 2975.00 | MANAGER   |
| BLAKE | 2850.00 | MANAGER   |
| SCOTT | 3000.00 | ANALYST   |
| KING  | 5000.00 | PRESIDENT |
| FORD  | 3000.00 | ANALYST   |
| CLARK | 2450.00 | MANAGER   |
+-------+---------+-----------+
6 rows in set (0.00 sec)

• union all 该操作符用于取得两个结果集的并集。当使用该操作符时不会去掉结果集中的重复行。

mysql> select ename,sal,job from emp where sal > 2500 union all select ename,sal,job from emp where job='MANAGER';
+-------+---------+-----------+
| ename | sal     | job       |
+-------+---------+-----------+
| JONES | 2975.00 | MANAGER   |
| BLAKE | 2850.00 | MANAGER   |
| SCOTT | 3000.00 | ANALYST   |
| KING  | 5000.00 | PRESIDENT |
| FORD  | 3000.00 | ANALYST   |
| JONES | 2975.00 | MANAGER   |
| BLAKE | 2850.00 | MANAGER   |
| CLARK | 2450.00 | MANAGER   |
+-------+---------+-----------+
8 rows in set (0.00 sec)